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Figure 1: Millpond Dam facing Upstream (November 2023) Like many communities in Ontario, the town of Lucknow owes part of its history to the establishment of a mill pond. The Mill Pond Dam in Lucknow, ON was first built in 1856 to support an adjacent wool mill and powered other businesses as ownership changed hands over the years. It has been many years since the Mill Pond dam in Lucknow has been used for power generation. And, like other small dams, the Lucknow Mill Pond dam is now at or near the end of its lifespan. The pond has filled with sediment and the concrete spillway has started to erode and crumble. The dam is owned by Morten Jakobson, who runs his business Protekta on the adjacent property. After a chunk of concrete on the west wall of the spillway broke off and fell inward in 2012, Morten began exploring opportunities to have the dam repaired but because the foundation of the dam was in such poor condition, this was deemed not viable. Morten then reached out to the Maitland Valley Conservation Authority for advice who suggested contacting Trout Unlimited Canada as we have experience with small dam removal and stream rehabilitation. Ecological Issues Figure 2: 2023 Water Temperatures from Above and Below the Mill Pond TUC became interested in the project for the opportunity to restore water quality, aquatic habitat, and natural stream processes. Fisheries sampling was conducted and stream temperature monitoring was carried out to assess the current conditions. The sampling revealed that water flows coming out of the pond were generally warmer than water coming into the pond. This is not surprising considering the pond is wide and shallow and since it takes time for water to flow through the pond, there is ample opportunity for the sun to warm the water, especially during the hot summer months. This is particularly concerning for fish and aquatic animals that are sensitive to temperature, like Brook Trout. During fisheries sampling, TUC’s crews found Brook Trout heavily reliant on small pockets of habitat where groundwater comes into Dickies Creek. Not only is the temperate an issue in and of itself, but warmer water contains less dissolved oxygen which is critical to the survival of fish, aquatic invertebrates, and amphibians. Brook Trout can be seen as “canaries in the coal mine” – because they are sensitive to environmental change, they act as indicators of ecosystem health. Supporters Since becoming involved in the project, TUC has received grant funding from the Ontario government’s Great Lakes Local Action Fund and from Bass Pro and Cabela’s Outdoor Fund to support the project. Funds have been used to hire Palmer, part of SLR, to develop conceptual designs for dam decommissioning. Funding is also being used to support project management and community information sharing. Additional funds will need to be secured for dam decommissioning and associated stream rehabilitation. Engineering and Design In late 2023 Palmer surveyed the site to collect bathymetry data, sediment samples and measurements, and stream profile data that is being used to inform design options. As of February 2024, design is ongoing. Community Engagement In May 2023, TUC and Morten held a “come and go” community meeting at Protekta during which community members had an opportunity to see the dam, meet TUC’s professional staff, and hear about some of the ecological, safety, and liability concerns with the dam and pond. During the meeting community members also shared their concerns about the fate of the dam and pond. A second community information session was held in January 2024 at the Lucknow Community Centre. At the meeting TUC staff provided background information on the project and shared case studies of other dam removal and stream rehabilitation projects that TUC has led and been involved with. The lead engineer from Palmer working on the project presented their work to date and two high level design options being considered. If you would like to be added to a mailing list to be kept informed of this project, please CLICK HERE . Next Steps and Decision Making Conceptual engineering designs will be completed in the coming weeks and another community meeting is planned for early spring 2024 to share project updates and designs. Designs will also allow TUC to move forward with regulatory permit applications. It is unknown how long the dam will last. A major storm or rainfall event could pose significant risk to the integrity of the structure. A dam failure would put residential homes, businesses, and infrastructure at risk. Significant environmental damage from uncontrolled sediment release, flooding, and erosion could also occur if the dam failed. Ultimately, all liability and decision making associated with the dam rests with the landowner. TUC will continue to explore funding opportunities to support dam removal to meet shared goals of reducing safety, environmental, and liability risks. Disclaimer: This project has received funding support from the Government of Ontario. Such support does not indicate endorsement by the Government of Ontario of the contents of this material. To read TUC’s policy on small dam removal, CLICK HERE.

Trout Creek is situated in the Porcupine Hills Public Land Use Zone (PLUZ) of Southwestern Alberta, and until recently, was home to a healthy population of Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus lewisi . Trout Creek represented a special population as it was one of the easternmost watersheds containing the species, and had no alpine drainages, relying entirely on snowmelt and rainfall-driven runoff and groundwater inputs, largely through many small springs found throughout the watershed. Over the decades, Trout Creek has been impacted by a multitude of industrial, recreational, and agricultural impacts which can result in changes to the timing and magnitude of stream flow, and in the quality of habitats available for fish and wildlife. Between 2015 and 2022, fish populations in Trout Creek experienced a steep crash, resulting in no fish detections in 2024. Freshwater Conservation Canada has been working in this watershed to protect the few remaining individuals, and to rehabilitate habitat so that these fish can be reintroduced into the watershed in the next several years. To achieve this vision, several activities were completed in 2025, described in detail here. Habitat rehabilitation 2024 was another busy year in the Trout Creek watershed, with implementation of low-tech process-based restoration (LTPBR), namely beaver dam analogues (BDA) installed along Kingbolt Creek, Minor Coulee Creek and Trout Creek. In total, 3 new structures were constructed in the headwaters of Trout Creek, 7 new structures were built on Minor Coulee Creek, and 7 new structures were installed on Kingbolt Creek in addition to some maintenance and repairs of the 11 BDA's built in 2023. These structures will help to retain spring runoff and force this water up onto abandoned floodplains, rehydrating valley bottom soils and helping willows and other riparian plants to regrow and support future beaver activity. one of several beaver dam analogues (BDAs) built along Kingbolt Creek in spring 2024. BDAs work to slow the water down, forcing it up onto floodplains and soaking the valley bottom soils with spring runoff. In May of 2024, we had the opportunity to see how the structures built in fall 2023 were performing during spring runoff. We were so excited to see that they were ponding water and soaking all the valley bottom soils. This soil storage of water is critical in maintaining flow into the hot and dry summer months, even if it just adds a few days to a week of water to the “savings account”, this can be the difference between going completely dry and staying wet between rain events. We’ll be back in the watershed in 2025 to build more BDA's and ensure that the ones we have built already are functioning well and holding spring runoff. In addition to LTPBR, we also completed riparian planting at several off-highway vehicle (OHV) crossings that were decommissioned in 2023 and replaced with new bridges and trail sections. Preventing the spread of invasive fish species In fall 2024, Freshwater Conservation Canada contracted AJM Environmental and Cascade Water Resources to survey the lower end of Trout Creek within the Public Land Use Zone and identify potential locations for a suitable location to implement a fish passage barrier. This is necessary to prevent invasion of the upper watershed by Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss  and Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis , which are both threats to the recovery and persistence of Westslope Cutthroat Trout in this watershed. Ensuring that these species do not colonize the watershed within the PLUZ is critical in enabling future reintroductions, without the need to remove these fish prior to. Several potential sites were identified, including a bedrock constriction which could potentially be enhanced to create an impassable barrier. We will continue investigating potential options and moving this important action forward. Trail system improvements No new trail system improvements were completed by Freshwater Conservation Canada in 2024, but we continued to work on planning for replacement of the lower Kingbolt Creek trail with a new truck bridge and road access to the range rider cabin along Kingbolt Creek, to ensure that grazing allotment holders can access their infrastructure safely and sustainably. We expect the new bridge to be in place in late summer/early fall 2025. In addition, the Government of Alberta Recreation Management Team helped make some needed changes to the new trail section upstream of Minor Coulee Creek, which had one hill section that was overly steep and impassable when wet.  one of several OHV bridges installed in 2023, a year later they are looking good! With a little help from our friends None of our work to date would be possible without financial and in-kind support from a long list of partners and funders. For 2024, the funders for project work along Trout Creek included grants from the Land Stewardship Center of Canada’s Watershed Stewardship Grant, the Alberta Conservation Association’s Conservation Community and Education Grant, the Government of Alberta’s Watershed Restoration and Resiliency Program, Environment and Climate Change Canada’s EcoAction Grant, and the Alberta EcoTrust Foundation. Additional funding support was provided by Peters and Co. AJM Environmental, and in-kind support from the MD of Ranchlands – who have been very helpful all throughout the project’s lifespan. The project benefited greatly from support from a number of partners who helped with workdays or provided in-kind support, including Plains Midstream Canada, the Oldman Watershed Council, Cows and Fish, the GOA Rec Management Team, and the MD of Ranchlands.

A Look at the 2024 COTTUS Project and the Fight to Protect the Rocky Mountain Sculpin Tucked away in the cool, clear waters of Alberta’s upper St. Mary watershed, a tiny, unassuming fish is making waves in the conservation world—meet the Rocky Mountain Sculpin. This bottom-dwelling wonder is a master of disguise, blending seamlessly into the rocky streambeds it calls home. But despite its expert camouflage, the sculpin faces a very real threat from habitat degradation. That’s where the COTTUS Project, Conserving Our Threatened Teleosts, or commonly called Sculpins, comes in! Rocky Mountain Sculpin - Matthew Wallace A Year of Discovery and Action 2024 was a busy year for the COTTUS team, as we worked to better understand and protect sculpin habitat in Lee Creek and Tough Creek, two smaller cold-water tributaries where these guys thrive. COTTUS in 2024 started off with salmonid stream surveys (because, let’s be honest, trout get a lot of attention too), followed by dedicated sculpin surveys. These involved everything from electrofishing (a method to safely catch and count fish) to measuring habitat features like flow rates, water quality, and streambed composition. The goal? To fill in critical knowledge gaps and ensure these pint-sized fish get the protection they deserve. The Habitat Challenge Like a game of ecological dominos, small changes in the environment can have big consequences for aquatic species. Trails, for example, might seem harmless, but decades of off-highway vehicle (OHV) use in the Pole Haven Grazing Lease (PHGL) have compacted soil, funneled sediment into creeks, and widened stream channels. Cattle grazing has added to the challenge, preventing vegetation from taking root along damaged banks. With the Government of Alberta reopening parts of the PHGL to summer OHV use in 2024, it became even more crucial to manage these impacts. That’s why Freshwater Conservation Canada’s COTTUS team paired up with Leaf Ninjas (yes, that’s a real group of restoration experts!) to assess and propose trail realignments. The plan? Move problem trails out of floodplains, reduce unnecessary stream crossings, and help the land recover. Over 20 km of trails were assessed, with over 2 km recommended for realignment. Giving the Land a Helping Hand While nature is great at healing itself, sometimes it needs a little boost. This year, restoration efforts included installing new waterers for cattle to reduce their need to drink from the creek, fencing off sensitive riparian areas, and planting over 300 willows and cottonwoods to stabilize eroding banks. An off-stream waterer A new bridge was also installed on Tough Creek to keep traffic out of sensitive aquatic habitats, and two rig mats (essentially, heavy-duty wooden crossings) were placed to eliminate the need for vehicles to ford streams. The new bridge installed Even with all these efforts, challenges remain. The PHGL landscape is still dealing with the long-term impacts of old OHV trails, cattle compaction, and historic habitat damage. But progress is being made, and each new initiative brings us closer to a healthier watershed. The Rocky Mountain Sculpin: More Than Just a Tiny Fish Why go through all this effort for a fish most people have never seen? Because the Rocky Mountain Sculpin is a vital part of Alberta’s aquatic ecosystems. It may not be flashy like some trout, but it plays a key role in the food web and serves as an indicator of stream health. The presence of sculpins means the water is clean and the habitat is functioning as it should. Our 2024 fisheries assessments revealed that sculpins are thriving in previously undocumented reaches of Lee Creek and Tough Creek. This exciting discovery has led Freshwater Conservation Canada to recommend Tough Creek be designated as critical habitat for the species—a huge step toward long-term protection. Looking Ahead to 2025 and Beyond The work doesn’t stop here! In 2025-2026, the COTTUS team will continue advancing habitat restoration in the PHGL, trail realignments, and expanding riparian rehabilitation efforts. Public awareness will also be a big focus, with new signage planned for key areas, including the Town of Cardston, to educate locals and visitors on the importance of Alberta’s native fish. By continuing these efforts, we hope to ensure that the Rocky Mountain Sculpin—and the ecosystems it relies on—are here to stay. After all, some treasures aren’t meant to be found easily; they’re meant to be protected. Want to Get Involved? Keep an eye out for volunteer opportunities with Freshwater Conservation Canada and remember that responsible recreation goes a long way in protecting Alberta’s aquatic habitats. Whether you’re hiking, fishing, or exploring, small actions can make a big difference for these hidden underwater gems! Lee Creek – Matthew Wallace

Freshwater Conservation Canada has written to Alberta Energy and Minerals Minister Brian Jean, expressing concern about recent updates to Alberta's coal policy. In particular, Ministerial Order 03/2025, issued in January, rescinds a moratorium on coal development that had been in place since 2022. This is a serious concern as it threatens the headwaters of many of Alberta’s rivers and streams. The moratorium had been in place since 2022, as recommended by the Coal Policy Committee, which engaged broadly with Albertans and provided several recommendations in their report , which was released in December 2021. The first recommendation in the report is to develop a modernized coal policy. Although Minister Jean announced a Coal Industry Modernization Initiative  in December 2024, a modernized coal policy is far from complete. Rescinding the moratorium is inappropriate as it presupposes the contents of a new policy and is being done before addressing several of the other recommendations of the Committee. We have asked Minister Jean for the following: Re-establish a moratorium on coal mine exploration and development in the eastern slopes Complete regional and subregional plans are under the Land Use Framework and the Alberta Land Stewardship Act. Resolve uncertainties regarding responsibility for reclamation liabilities relating to coal exploration and development activities. Address reclamation liabilities for legacy coal mines Prioritize our environment's integrity and long-term health, which provides essential and irreplaceable ecosystem services and economic benefits. Much of Freshwater Conservation Canada’s work is focused on restoration, which is a critical investment towards improving the resilience of our watersheds, improving water quality and recovery of species at risk. However, ecological restoration is much more costly than preventing damage and impossible, where the damage takes aquatic ecosystems past the point of repair. Healthy headwaters are critically important for biodiversity, resilience to the impacts of climate change, recreational opportunities, human health and livelihoods. A copy of our letter can be found below: Additional resources can be found here: Government of Alberta - Coal Policy Engagement: https://www.alberta.ca/coal-policy-engagement Government of Alberta - Coal: https://www.alberta.ca/coal   Oldman Watershed Council - Frequently Asked Questions About Coal Mining: https://oldmanwatershed.ca/blog-posts/2025/2/3/owccoalfaq2025 Alberta Wilderness Association (various resources): https://albertawilderness.ca/ West Country Sustainability Coalition (two-page flyer): https://static1.squarespace.com/static/60c110f622ae60116aea72db/t/67b7bb29652c6e2fe9ad46d1/1740094255583/2025+WCSC+FLYER_sm.pdf

Explore our educational kits and supplies.   At Freshwater Conservation Canada , we believe that education is critical to preserving and protecting our most precious natural resource—freshwater. Whether you’re a teacher, a parent, or a community leader, we’re here to help you inspire the next generation to connect with and better understand the importance of freshwater ecosystems. We offer a variety of educational kits and supplies designed to foster connection and inspire action. Whether you’re interested in exploring water chemistry, aquatic invertebrates, or the connection of urban stormwater to local rivers, our hands-on materials are engaging, informative, and fun. What’s available? Yellow Fish Road kits and supplies Our award-winning Yellow Fish Road™ program engages Canada’s youth, community groups, environmental organizations, families, and individuals in protecting our water. Yellow Fish Road centers around painting yellow fish next to storm drains and the words “rain only” while distributing yellow fish-shaped door hangers in the community. Program participants and community members alike learn that storm drains are the gateways to our local rivers, streams, and wetlands and what steps they can take to protect these local waters. Curious Kids Discover Imagine a world where playing cards not only entertains but also educates and inspires curiosity! As we face environmental challenges and the urgent need to adapt to climate change, it's more crucial than ever to instill in our younger generation a deep appreciation for nature and a sense of responsibility toward conserving our precious freshwater resources. Curious Kids Discover kits come in three different models, including beautifully illustrated and informative card decks featuring 12 freshwater invertebrates across Canada. Each card is packed with fun facts, identification tips and general information. The basic and VIP kits include additional tools for a young naturalist to start exploring.

Freshwater Conservation Canada’s Connect and Protect program provides space for racialized individuals to connect with and protect nature. We hosted collaborative events for this year’s Alberta events with Colour the Trails . Colour the Trails is focused on improving access to the outdoors for BIPOC living in Canada. They host introductions, mentorships, and clinics in outdoor activities to introduce BIPOC adults to new activities and then help them advance further. They also provide consultation and support to partner organizations working to improve diversifying their communities, and we were happy to work with them to bring a group of BIPOC from Calgary and Edmonton out to our workday. Event participants and Friends of Fish Creek Staff enjoying the morning sun while surveying the creek for Brown Trout Redds (Photo: Matt Wallace) To wrap up the fall, we hosted our final Connect and Protect event of 2024 in Fish Creek Provincial Park, helping the Friends of Fish Creek with their annual Brown Trout redd survey. Every fall, Brown Trout congregate in larger rivers and run up smaller tributaries to spawn. Like all trout, Brown Trout build nests in the gravel to protect their eggs, called redds. Annual redd surveys like this one can help us monitor the fish population and inform priority areas for restoration and conservation in the watershed. Monitoring water quality (Photo: Matt Wallace) We started the day at the crack of dawn—8am in November! Participants were split into two groups, with group one starting their survey from the confluence of the Bow River and Fish Creek, and group two starting 4km upstream of the confluence. With the guidance of staff and volunteers from the Friends of Fish Creek, participants walked along the creek looking for redds, and documented beaver dams and rock dams in their stream reach. Partway through the walk, each group also dusted off their high school chemistry skills, and carried out basic stream and water quality monitoring, using kits from Creek Watch . By testing water parameters like turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration, and phosphorous concentration, we were able to determine that the creek was in great health, and perfect for spawning! Wilson's snipe (Photo: Matt Wallace) While we didn’t see much for fish or redds during the survey, we did see lots of new beaver activity, especially in the lower 4km of Fish Creek. Thanks to the early start, we also saw lots of wildlife, including white-tailed deer, an American widgeon, a Wilson’s snipe, muskrats, and even a young porcupine. After our long walks in the park, we ended the day around a cozy campfire, with plenty of snacks, warm drinks, and great company to keep the chill at bay. Thanks to Colour the Trails  for collaborating with us to make this workday such a success! This event would not have been possible without their support in program planning, development, and coordination. Freshwater Conservation Canada also thanks Enbridge for supporting the 2024 Connect and Protect program.

Native fish species, particularly those with "pure" genetic lines, are crucial to maintaining the balance and health of aquatic ecosystems. For species like the Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhnchus lewisi, preserving their pure genetic makeup is not just about maintaining a historical lineage but also ensuring that they continue to thrive in their native environments. I intend to discuss why pure genetics matter, why Westslope Cutthroat Trout are a priority, and the issues surrounding hybridization in Alberta. A genetically pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout. Westslope Cutthroat Trout showing characteristic red-orange slashes beneath the jaw, spotting pattern, and colourization. Preserving their pure genetic line is crucial for their continued survival. Why Pure Westslope Cutthroat Matter: A COSEWIC Perspective The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) recognizes the Westslope Cutthroat Trout as a species of special concern (COSEWIC 2006). One reason for this is the importance of maintaining "pure" genetic lines. These native trout have evolved over thousands of years to adapt to specific ecological conditions, from water temperatures to food availability. When these fish interbreed with non-native species, such as Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , the genetic adaptations that made them successful in their native habitat can be diluted, making them less resilient to environmental changes and diseases. COSEWIC's stance is clear: only populations of genetically pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout count toward conservation goals. Hybrids do not provide the same ecological and genetic value, which is why preserving pure populations is essential to long-term species survival. The Difference Between Cutthroat Species Cutthroat Trout are divided into four species, each with unique adaptations that make them suited to their respective environments. Although there are many more in the subspecies categories, the four species include: Westslope Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus lewisi ) : Native to the cold, clear waters of the Rocky Mountains, these trout are celebrated for their characteristic "cut" beneath the jaw and their beautiful coloration. They are known for thriving in smaller streams and high-altitude lakes. Native to the waters of southern Alberta, SE British Columbia, and some areas of the NW USA. Rocky Mountain Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus virginalis ) : Found in drainages further south than the Westslope Cutthroat in the Rocky Mountains of the USA, this species is known for being slightly larger and more aggressive than their Westslope cousins. They include the Finespotted, Yellowstone, Yellowfin, Colorado River, Greenback, Bonneville, and Rio Grande Cutthroat subspecies. Coastal Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) : Inhabiting rivers and streams along the Pacific coast, they exhibit more saltwater tolerance, often migrating between freshwater and marine environments. Found along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean from California to Alaska. Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus henshawi) : The largest of the Cutthroat, inhabiting large alkaline lakes in the great basin, primarily in Nevada. Subspecies include Alvord, Humboldt, and Paiute Cutthroat. While these species share a common ancestor, their genetic differences are critical for their survival in distinct ecological niches. Hybridization threatens to blur these lines, reducing the overall fitness of each subspecies as evidenced by Rosenthal et.al 2022. Issues Surrounding Hybridization Hybridization occurs when Westslope Cutthroat Trout interbreed with introduced species like Rainbow Trout, or non-native Cutthroat Trout. While these hybrids can survive and reproduce, their genetic makeup is no longer pure. This poses several challenges: Loss of Adaptive Traits : Westslope Cutthroat Trout are adapted to specific environmental conditions, like cold, fast-moving waters. When hybridized, these specialized traits can be lost, making the offspring less suited to the environment (Muhlfeld et.al 2014). Reduced Conservation Value : Hybrids are not considered part of the pure population, which affects conservation efforts. Only genetically pure fish are counted toward recovery targets. Once Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations drop below 95% purity, they no longer qualify for protection under the Species at Risk Act, as only pure (99%) and near pure (95-98%) populations are protected (Government of Canada 2019). Challenges to Identification : Hybrids can be difficult to distinguish from pure populations, complicating efforts to manage and restore native fish species. Genetic testing is required in areas where rainbows and non-native cutthroat are known to exist. Historical Stocking and Its Role in Hybridization The hybridization of Westslope Cutthroat Trout with other species, such as Rainbow Trout, didn’t happen naturally—it’s largely the result of human intervention. In Alberta, as in many other regions, historical stocking programs in the 20th century introduced non-native species, which unintentionally led to genetic mixing (Government of Canada, n.d.). Stocking of Rainbow Trout and Other Cutthroat Species Starting in the early 1900s, Rainbow Trout were widely stocked in Alberta’s rivers and lakes. At the time, the focus was on enhancing fishing opportunities, and little consideration was given to the potential ecological impacts. Rainbow Trout are fast-growing, aggressive, and popular with anglers, which made them a favored choice for stocking programs. However, Rainbow Trout are capable of interbreeding with Westslope Cutthroat Trout, producing what are now called "cuttbows." This hybridization began diluting the genetic integrity of the native Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations. In addition to Rainbow Trout, other subspecies, such as Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Golden Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita , were occasionally stocked in Alberta. This further complicated the genetic landscape and contributed to the risk of hybridization. Although the stocking of non-native species on top of Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations has largely been stopped, the genetic impact continues to persist in many of Alberta's waterways. Today, some Westslope Cutthroat populations show varying degrees of hybridization, which affects their value from a conservation perspective. Non-Native Rainbow Trout in an Alberta stream. Historical stocking of non-native Rainbow Trout contributed to the hybridization problem now facing Westlope Cutthroat Trout. Barriers: Protecting Pure Populations In the face of this hybridization challenge, barriers have become an essential tool in conservation efforts. These physical structures help protect pure populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout by preventing non-native species, such as Rainbow Trout, from accessing the same habitats. Types of Barriers Natural Barriers : In some cases, natural features like waterfalls or steep gradient changes serve as barriers that block the upstream movement of non-native species. These natural barriers have historically kept some populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout isolated, allowing them to remain genetically pure. Man-made Barriers : Where natural barriers do not exist, conservation efforts can involve constructing artificial barriers. These range from weirs to more advanced fish barriers that are strategically placed in streams and rivers. By blocking non-native fish from moving upstream into the habitats of pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations, these barriers play a critical role in maintaining genetic purity. Fish Removal Projects : In some cases, whole stream reaches are targeted for the removal of non-native fish using methods like electrofishing, and/or the application of piscicides such as rotenone. Barriers are often installed pre-treatment to prevent re-invasion of non-native fishes. The Importance of Isolated Habitats Isolated populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout often serve as the last refuges of pure genetic strains. These isolated habitats, often located in small headwater streams, are difficult for non-native fish to access, providing a natural line of defense. Protecting these areas from human disturbance and further stocking efforts is key to preserving the remaining pure populations. Pristine headwater stream with pure Westslope Cutthroat populations. High-elevation, isolated streams like this are critical for the survival of genetically pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout. Pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout in a mountain stream. Westslope Cutthroat Trout require cold, clean, and complex habitat for their continued survival. Restoration efforts can go a long way in improving their conservation. The Role of Conservation in Protecting Pure Strains Efforts to preserve pure populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout often involve habitat restoration, removal of non-native species, and genetic monitoring. By focusing conservation and protection efforts on genetically pure populations, conservationists can maintain the ecological integrity of the watersheds where these fish live. One method used to understand the remaining populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout is genetic testing , which helps determine the purity of populations and identify areas where hybridization has occurred, and to what extent. Genetic analysis, paired with disease testing, can also reveal healthy source populations that may be used in obtaining recovery broodstock to support reintroduction efforts. Restoration projects, such as the removal of invasive species and the construction of fish barriers, help prevent further hybridization and protect remaining pure populations. An example of a hybrid trout caught in an Alberta stream. A cuttbow hybrid showing the blend of traits from Westslope Cutthroat and Rainbow Trout. Notice the red-orange slash below the jaw, the white-tipped fins, dispersed spotting, and a mixture of body colouration. However, it's important to remember that without genetic analysis, it is impossible to determine the degree of hybridization based on appearance alone. Moving Forward: Balancing Conservation and Recreation As conservationists work to preserve these genetically pure populations, they must also balance the needs of recreational anglers and local communities. Many waters in Alberta still contain naturalized non-native fish which do support angling, but there is an increasing push to ensure that Westslope Cutthroat Trout habitats remain undisturbed. Ongoing efforts include genetic testing, removal of invasive species, and public education about the importance of preserving pure native fish. There are also a number of lakes within Alberta where Brook, Rainbow, Brown and Tiger trout are continually stocked, so anglers wishing to target these species still have a recreational opportunity to do so. Recent research suggests that Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations in Alberta could decline by as much as 70% over the next 10 years, with non-native species and climate change identified as the most significant threats (Sinnatamby et.al . 2019). Why It All Matters The push to conserve genetically pure populations of native fish species like the Westslope Cutthroat is about more than just preserving a name. It's about maintaining biodiversity, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring that these species can thrive in their native habitats for generations to come. In the end, the purity of a species' genetics reflects its history, resilience, and future potential. Preserving pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations is a key part of safeguarding the ecological legacy of North America's freshwater ecosystems. An Alberta stream showcasing ideal habitat for pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout. Protected and restored habitat provides the cold, clear water that Westslop Cutthroat Trout need to thrive, free from competition and hybridization. References COSEWIC 2006. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (British Columbia population and Alberta population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 67 pp. Government of Canada. (n.d.). History of fish stocking in the park - Banff National Park. Retrieved September 15, 2024, from: https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/nature/conservation/aquatics/restoring/ensemencement-stocking Government of Canada. (2019). Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Alberta Populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi ) in Canada 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2024, from: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery/westslope-cutthroat-trout-2019-proposed.html Muhlfeld, C., Kovach, R., Jones, L.  et al.  Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change.  Nature Clim Change   4 , 620–624 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2252 Rosenthal WC, Fennell JM, Mandeville EG, Burckhardt JC, Walters AW, Wagner CE. Hybridization decreases native cutthroat trout reproductive fitness. Mol Ecol. 2022 Aug;31(16):4224-4241. doi: 10.1111/mec.16578. Epub 2022 Jul 13. PMID: 35751487. Consider donating so we may continue our work protecting and conserving native species.

A common misperception of Trout Unlimited Canada (TUC) seems to be that its work and interest are focused just on Canada’s rivers and streams and the fish and aquatic insects that inhabit them. That’s not surprising when, for example, Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘coldwater’ as ‘’running water”. Yet Canada’s lakes and ponds and their aquatic life forms are also an integral part of TUC’s mission “to conserve, protect and restore Canada’s freshwater ecosystems and their coldwater resources . . “ The health of these waters, including those that are stocked with cold water fish species, primarily trout, are becoming of increased concern to organizations like TUC, Alberta Conservation Association (ACA), and others, including the approx. 2.6 million Canadians who go fishing each year. Many of these lakes tend to be shallow, enriched with nutrients, and have seen an increase in water temperatures in the last few years. Many of the ‘aquatic resources’, especially trout, don’t like it! The level of dissolved oxygen (DO) that they need to survive is inversely related to the water temperature, so as DO levels decline, the fish become stressed and in some cases are unable to survive beyond mid-summer. It’s especially so if the water is stagnant and has a lot of rotting, organic material in it. Lake aeration helps, but even with that, some lakes experience a decline in DO by mid-summer that trout cannot survive. And the problem seems to be becoming more prevalent. The Northern Lights Fly Fishers (NLFF) Chapter of TUC, based in Edmonton, Alberta, became very interested when it heard of ACA’s efforts to address the low-oxygen issue. After a thorough review of the research, ACA fisheries biologists decided to try treating one of the ponds on its trout stocking list with a carefully determined amount of alum to see if that might improve the water quality and help maintain a sufficient level of DO to enable year-round trout survival. When alum is added to water it reacts with the phosphorous and other pollutants causing them to clump together and settle to the bottom of the pond. This process, known as flocculation, helps to remove suspended particles from the water and reduces nutrients available for plant growth. Fewer growth results in less organic decay and thus less of that much-needed DO being used up by the decay process. NLFF offered volunteer help and successfully applied for an ACA Conservation, Community, and Education grant to help with the costs involved. Rainbow Park Pond in Westlock, Alberta, a popular stocked fishing pond but with a history of winterkill and low fish survival in the summer, was selected as the test site. NLFF then provided local information on the project via the media. It also collected temperature and alkalinity data on several other stocked ponds in the greater Edmonton region which further evidenced similar adverse conditions for trout. So far, it’s looking promising for improved water quality at Rainbow Park – alum treatment has reduced total and dissolved phosphorus concentrations. However, the benefits of the alum treatment won’t be fully known for a few years. There’s a lot of decaying material from previous years to work through, but hopefully, DO concentrations through this winter will be higher than in previous years and algae growth will be less next summer, both of which are necessary to restore this pond as a viable, year-round, trout fishery. Although it’s not the health of flowing waters that the project is trying to restore, it is certainly an attempt to find a way to restore a freshwater ecosystem and its coldwater resources. That it’s a partnership between different organizations with similar goals is a bonus for the conservation of trout-friendly waters and Alberta’s anglers. #ConservationTUC #Freshwater #TUC #Ponds #Lakes #Chapters #Conservation

Trout Unlimited Canada is proud to announce its new identity as Freshwater Conservation Canada. This name reflects our ongoing commitment to protecting and restoring Canada’s freshwater environments.  While our mission remains the same, Freshwater Conservation Canada will continue to evolve to meet the growing challenges of water quality, water quantity, climate change, and biodiversity loss across Canada’s streams, rivers, and lakes. As Freshwater Conservation Canada, we will continue our on-the-ground efforts, including projects that improve water quality, restore stream flow, and protect habitats for native species. Our work includes planting native trees along riverbanks to reduce erosion and stabilize water flows, restoring habitats, and enhancing water systems' resilience to climate change.  We partner closely with local communities, corporate partners, government agencies, and volunteers to deliver conservation solutions that benefit the environment and those who depend on these resources. “This transition to Freshwater Conservation Canada reflects our continued commitment to the health of Canada’s freshwater ecosystems,” said Silvia D’Amelio, CEO of Freshwater Conservation Canada.  “Our mission is unchanged, but we’re to address changing landscapes and growing concerns around water quality and quantity, climate resilience, and biodiversity.” Freshwater Conservation Canada will continue improving freshwater systems' health and sustainability nationwide with science-based restoration projects.  Through community-driven efforts, partnerships, and volunteer support, we’re working to secure clean, abundant water and resilient habitats for generations to come.  About: Freshwater Conservation Canada is a registered Canadian charitable organization since 1972. Our mission is to conserve, protect and restore Canada’s freshwater ecosystems and their cold-water resources for current and future generations. All work Freshwater Conservation Canada does is directed toward achieving this mission. Our work is guided by science and research and fueled by the unending passion of our volunteers and professional staff. -30-

Trout Unlimited Canada Launches Cooling Streams Pilot Project Tree Planting Program to restore riparian areas across Canada. Markdale, ON – Trout Unlimited Canada, a national leader in freshwater ecosystem conservation and restoration for 50 years, announces the launch of the pilot project Cooling Streams for its national Restoring Riparian Refuges tree planting program. The pilot project takes place at the Armstrong Creek Trail in Markdale, Ontario and marks the completion of a multi-year dam removal and cold-water stream rehabilitation campaign. Cooling Streams is funded by the federal 2 Billion Trees program in the amount of $296,000. Trout Unlimited Canada’s Cooling Streams program is focused on restoring riparian areas – the buffer of vegetation that connects land and water along streams, rivers, and lakes. The trees and plants found within riparian zones are adapted to natural disturbance, such as spring floods and summer low-flow periods, which helps make these ecosystems more resilient to the expected disruptions from climate change. The built-in resilience of riparian ecosystems is ideal for protection and provides refuge for vulnerable wildlife and plant species, while also helping communities adapt to climate change. The Government of Canada’s 2 Billion Trees program is a commitment of $3.2 billion over 10 years to support organizations in their tree-planting efforts. Planting two billion trees is taking a significant step forward in Canada’s approach to tackle the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. These trees will capture and store carbon from the atmosphere, improve air and water quality, help to restore nature and biodiversity, cool our communities, and create and support thousands of green jobs. “The 2 Billion Trees program is enabling us to build capacity among our local chapters across the country to expand our stream restoration efforts by rehabilitating riparian areas and increasing our contribution to nature-based solutions to climate change,” said Lesley Peterson, Director of Conservation with Trout Unlimited Canada. “We will be in a position to plant 10,000 trees per year, hire staff to implement the program, and expand local engagement and action on climate change mitigation and adaptation.” “Trees are essential to our lives — they capture carbon, improve air quality and support wildlife — and they are important allies in our fight against climate change. That’s why Canada has committed to planting two billion trees. Through this investment to support the future planting of 10,000 trees per year with Trout Unlimited Canada, we are restoring riparian refuges while delivering clean air for the next generation,” said the Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson, Canada’s Minister of Natural Resources. “This rehabilitated section of Armstrong Creek provides habitat and spawning opportunities for native brook trout, a vulnerable species in Ontario, and expand habitat for bird and animal species. It is also a popular amenity for families and the community to enjoy beauty and nature now and in the future,” said David Fields, Program Manager with Trout Unlimited Canada. The Cooling Streams pilot project will be implemented by TUC staff, the local Happy Trout chapter, and community volunteers, including staff from the neighbouring Rossiter Boat plant. For more information: David Fields, Program Manager – 519-817-8596, dfields@freshwatercanada.org Lesley Peterson, Director of Conservation – 403-221-8360, lpeterson@freshwatercanada.org Backgrounder on the importance of riparian areas to climate change adaptation About Freshwater Conservation Canada, formerly Trout Unlimited Canada: Freshwater Conservation Canada is a registered Canadian charitable organization since 1972. Our mission is to conserve, protect and restore Canada’s freshwater ecosystems and their cold-water resources for current and future generations. All work Freshwater Conservation Canada does is directed toward achieving this mission. Our work is guided by science and research and fueled by the unending passion of our volunteers and professional staff. ###

Trout Unlimited Canada’s Connect and Protect program kicked off this year with an incredible collaborative event with Colour the Trails ! Here in Canada, we are blessed with an abundance of nature. However, access to nature and green spaces is not equal for everyone. Racialized individuals and communities face a multitude of physical, economic, and cultural barriers when trying to access nature. TUC’s Connect and Protect program helps to bridge this gap in access by working with local partners to provide space for racialized individuals to connect with and protect nature. Colour the Trails is focused on improving access to the outdoors for BIPOC living in Canada. They host introductions, mentorships, and clinics in outdoor activities to introduce BIPOC adults to new activities and then help them advance further. They also provide consultation and support to partner organizations working to improve diversifying their communities, and we were happy to work with them to bring a group of BIPOC from Calgary and Edmonton out to our workday. The first Connect and Protect event of 2024 kicked off in June at Alberta’s sunny Radiant Creek. TUC has been working on rehabilitating this creek since 2019, putting up grazing exclusion fencing, planting willow stakes, and building post-assisted log structures (PALS)  to help restore the degraded stream reaches. But there’s always more work to be done! Many event participants had never participated in stream restoration before, so the day started with a short site tour led by TUC to help set the stage for today’s activities. Participants learned about the history of Radiant Creek, how streams can become degraded, and how bioengineering and low-tech process-based restoration can help return creeks to a healthy state. Folks then geared up to plant willow stakes along degraded banks at Radiant Creek. Everyone worked extra hard as they had some curious observers nearby—a small herd of feral horses, including a few young foals! The team then got started on building a new PALS on Radiant Creek. A few of the PALS constructed in 2021 had been blown out during the subsequent year’s flood, so we were happy to get the time and people together to rebuild one of these structures. Participants worked hard moving wood and posts to the PALS site, hauling our hydraulic post-pounder down to the creek, and building the structure. This rebuilt structure will help restore length and complexity to the creek, and we look forward to seeing how it changes over time. After packing up for the day, Colour the Trails led the participants on an overnight camping trip at Elk Creek Campground so folks could wash off the day’s hard work in the creek and relax over a toasty campfire. It sounds like the perfect end to a workday for us! TUC thanks Colour the Trails  for collaborating with us to make this workday such a success! This event would not have been possible without their support in program planning, development, and coordination. TUC also thanks Enbridge for supporting the 2024 Connect and Protect program.

Trout Creek is nestled in the Porcupine Hills of southern Alberta, a beautiful montane ecosystem where the foothills meet the Rocky Mountains. Historically, the headwater streams originating from the Porcupine Hills provided valuable coldwater habitat for Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Bull Trout, but in recent years the trout seem to have vanished. Trout Creek is located within a Public Land Use Zone (PLUZ), where current and historic land uses in the area have been unfavourable to the long-term health of trout habitat. Forest harvest and road building, recreational off-highway vehicle use, and livestock grazing are some of the many land uses taking place within this area. All land use activities contribute cumulatively to result in an array of potential impacts to streams in the area. When not appropriately managed, impacts of these land uses can create conditions ripe for erosion and delivery of silty water to streams, increasing sedimentation (murkiness) of streams, and changing the structure and quality of fish habitats. Alberta’s recent record-breaking heatwaves and drought have not helped the situation at Trout Creek, either. With periods of extremely high and low water flow, and a reduced resilience of stream habitats to buffer against this variation, these stressors have led to the loss of stream connectivity, healthy streambank vegetation, and most shockingly, the recent loss of fish. OHV trail was deactivated and rerouted in the Trout Creek project area. Once teeming with Westslope Cutthroat trout, portions of Trout Creek within the Forest Reserve are no longer home to any fish according to Trout Unlimited Canada’s most recent electrofishing surveys in August 2023. Trout Unlimited Canada (TUC) biologists planned to survey twelve sites on Trout Creek and its immediate tributaries (King Bolt Creek and two unnamed tributaries). Unfortunately, over half of the sites intended to be sampled were completely dry. Of the five sites sampled in 2023, no fish were observed. This starkly contrasts previous watershed assessments carried out in 2015 in which over 600 fish were captured from the same sampling areas. So, what do we do? TUC has been working towards strategic restoration projects in the Trout Creek watershed since 2012. Some of the activities at Trout Creek implemented by TUC to date include: •Trail decommissioning and reclamation •Trail building and rerouting •Installing bridges to prevent in-stream vehicle crossings •Riparian vegetation planting •Building beaver dam analogs (BDAs) Volunteers and staff members building beaver dam analogs (BDAs) on King Bolt Creek, a tributary of Trout Creek. IMITATING BEAVERS: Beaver numbers have dwindled in the Trout Creek area, taking their dam-building, and water retention skills with them. Historically, the streams in the Porcupine Hills supported abundant beaver activity, and the gradual loss of beaver over time throughout the watershed has been a factor in the loss of the many benefits provided by this keystone species. One of the most important benefits of beavers is their ability to build dams that retain water, creating deep pools that maintain cold water at the bottom of the pools, i.e. favourable trout habitat. Pools created by beaver dams also replenish groundwater and allow riparian vegetation to grow along streams. Beaver dams also force water out of stream channels onto the floodplain, saturating these soils and storing large quantities of water that are slowly released throughout the summer, helping buffer against extremes of flooding and drought. Beavers won’t return to an area unless there’s something to work with – food, building materials, and water. TUC biologists know this, and with the help of amazing volunteers, we built eleven of our best interpretations of beaver dams on King Bolt Creek, an important tributary of Trout Creek. The human-made beaver dams are called beaver dam analogs (BDAs). While we aren’t as skilled as beavers in stick and mud engineering, we hope that our BDAs will entice beavers to return to the project area and eventually reestablish a suitable coldwater habitat for trout. The BDAs merely start the recovery process, by forcing water onto floodplain surfaces and creating ponds, these structures raise the local groundwater table making it easier for beaver food to grow and providing ponds for them to use to get established. If all goes well, the beaver will move back into the area and take the restoration from there on their own. A section of trail deactivated using woody debris, within the Trout Creek project area. GRAZING: Cattle grazing takes place in the Porcupine Hills PLUZ from June until late fall. Keeping livestock from spending too much time along streams is a challenge and an opportunity to work closely with Cattle Grazing Allotment Holders. Agriculture is an important part of Alberta’s identity and economy, and cattle can exist on a landscape in harmony with fish, beavers, and freshwater ecosystems if best management practices are applied. Since 2020 TUC has been working with the local grazing allotment holders to identify areas where we can assist with the implementation of best management practices such as new spring developments, changes in fencing, and installing new bridges and trails. Fortunately, TUC and the allotment holders both want these landscapes to be in the best health they can be to support and sustain A new bridge was built in 2023 to replace an OHV stream crossing over Trout Creek. BRIDGING THE GAP: With the help of a contractor and some heavy equipment, TUC installed three new bridges for OHV users in the Porcupine Hills PLUZ in 2023. The bridges allow recreational and agricultural users to cross streams without further eroding stream banks and creating sedimentation of the streams. TUC also worked with the Crowsnest Pass Quad Squad who volunteered their time and equipment to build a new trail reroute, enabling TUC to decommission old trails to allow the old trails to revegetate. While the trout are currently missing from Trout Creek, we hope that our efforts will lead toward the reintroduction of native fish into this beautiful ecosystem in the near future. More restoration work for Trout Creek and its tributaries is planned for the summer of 2024. Visit our Eventbrite page to find out how to volunteer and help the revitalization of Trout Creek! Thank you to the Alberta Conservation Association and the provincial Watershed Restoration and Resiliency Program, administered by Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, for providing funding support for work at Trout Creek. TUC is grateful to volunteers from TC Energy, Alberta Junior Forest Rangers, Crowsnest Pass Quad Squad, the Oldman River Chapter, and the Municipal District of Ranchland No. 66, without whom this project would not be possible. Please consider making a donation so we may continue this important work. #ConservationTUC #Freshwater #Tributary #TroutCreek #TUC #BDAs #StreamCrossing #Volunteers #OHV #Bridge #Conservation