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Freshwater Conservation Canada’s Connect and Protect program provides space for racialized individuals to connect with and protect nature. We hosted collaborative events for this year’s Alberta events with Colour the Trails . Colour the Trails is focused on improving access to the outdoors for BIPOC living in Canada. They host introductions, mentorships, and clinics in outdoor activities to introduce BIPOC adults to new activities and then help them advance further. They also provide consultation and support to partner organizations working to improve diversifying their communities, and we were happy to work with them to bring a group of BIPOC from Calgary and Edmonton out to our workday. Event participants and Friends of Fish Creek Staff enjoying the morning sun while surveying the creek for Brown Trout Redds (Photo: Matt Wallace) To wrap up the fall, we hosted our final Connect and Protect event of 2024 in Fish Creek Provincial Park, helping the Friends of Fish Creek with their annual Brown Trout redd survey. Every fall, Brown Trout congregate in larger rivers and run up smaller tributaries to spawn. Like all trout, Brown Trout build nests in the gravel to protect their eggs, called redds. Annual redd surveys like this one can help us monitor the fish population and inform priority areas for restoration and conservation in the watershed. Monitoring water quality (Photo: Matt Wallace) We started the day at the crack of dawn—8am in November! Participants were split into two groups, with group one starting their survey from the confluence of the Bow River and Fish Creek, and group two starting 4km upstream of the confluence. With the guidance of staff and volunteers from the Friends of Fish Creek, participants walked along the creek looking for redds, and documented beaver dams and rock dams in their stream reach. Partway through the walk, each group also dusted off their high school chemistry skills, and carried out basic stream and water quality monitoring, using kits from Creek Watch . By testing water parameters like turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration, and phosphorous concentration, we were able to determine that the creek was in great health, and perfect for spawning! Wilson's snipe (Photo: Matt Wallace) While we didn’t see much for fish or redds during the survey, we did see lots of new beaver activity, especially in the lower 4km of Fish Creek. Thanks to the early start, we also saw lots of wildlife, including white-tailed deer, an American widgeon, a Wilson’s snipe, muskrats, and even a young porcupine. After our long walks in the park, we ended the day around a cozy campfire, with plenty of snacks, warm drinks, and great company to keep the chill at bay. Thanks to Colour the Trails  for collaborating with us to make this workday such a success! This event would not have been possible without their support in program planning, development, and coordination. Freshwater Conservation Canada also thanks Enbridge for supporting the 2024 Connect and Protect program.

Native fish species, particularly those with "pure" genetic lines, are crucial to maintaining the balance and health of aquatic ecosystems. For species like the Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhnchus lewisi, preserving their pure genetic makeup is not just about maintaining a historical lineage but also ensuring that they continue to thrive in their native environments. I intend to discuss why pure genetics matter, why Westslope Cutthroat Trout are a priority, and the issues surrounding hybridization in Alberta. A genetically pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout. Westslope Cutthroat Trout showing characteristic red-orange slashes beneath the jaw, spotting pattern, and colourization. Preserving their pure genetic line is crucial for their continued survival. Why Pure Westslope Cutthroat Matter: A COSEWIC Perspective The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) recognizes the Westslope Cutthroat Trout as a species of special concern (COSEWIC 2006). One reason for this is the importance of maintaining "pure" genetic lines. These native trout have evolved over thousands of years to adapt to specific ecological conditions, from water temperatures to food availability. When these fish interbreed with non-native species, such as Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , the genetic adaptations that made them successful in their native habitat can be diluted, making them less resilient to environmental changes and diseases. COSEWIC's stance is clear: only populations of genetically pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout count toward conservation goals. Hybrids do not provide the same ecological and genetic value, which is why preserving pure populations is essential to long-term species survival. The Difference Between Cutthroat Species Cutthroat Trout are divided into four species, each with unique adaptations that make them suited to their respective environments. Although there are many more in the subspecies categories, the four species include: Westslope Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus lewisi ) : Native to the cold, clear waters of the Rocky Mountains, these trout are celebrated for their characteristic "cut" beneath the jaw and their beautiful coloration. They are known for thriving in smaller streams and high-altitude lakes. Native to the waters of southern Alberta, SE British Columbia, and some areas of the NW USA. Rocky Mountain Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus virginalis ) : Found in drainages further south than the Westslope Cutthroat in the Rocky Mountains of the USA, this species is known for being slightly larger and more aggressive than their Westslope cousins. They include the Finespotted, Yellowstone, Yellowfin, Colorado River, Greenback, Bonneville, and Rio Grande Cutthroat subspecies. Coastal Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ) : Inhabiting rivers and streams along the Pacific coast, they exhibit more saltwater tolerance, often migrating between freshwater and marine environments. Found along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean from California to Alaska. Lahontan Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus henshawi) : The largest of the Cutthroat, inhabiting large alkaline lakes in the great basin, primarily in Nevada. Subspecies include Alvord, Humboldt, and Paiute Cutthroat. While these species share a common ancestor, their genetic differences are critical for their survival in distinct ecological niches. Hybridization threatens to blur these lines, reducing the overall fitness of each subspecies as evidenced by Rosenthal et.al 2022. Issues Surrounding Hybridization Hybridization occurs when Westslope Cutthroat Trout interbreed with introduced species like Rainbow Trout, or non-native Cutthroat Trout. While these hybrids can survive and reproduce, their genetic makeup is no longer pure. This poses several challenges: Loss of Adaptive Traits : Westslope Cutthroat Trout are adapted to specific environmental conditions, like cold, fast-moving waters. When hybridized, these specialized traits can be lost, making the offspring less suited to the environment (Muhlfeld et.al 2014). Reduced Conservation Value : Hybrids are not considered part of the pure population, which affects conservation efforts. Only genetically pure fish are counted toward recovery targets. Once Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations drop below 95% purity, they no longer qualify for protection under the Species at Risk Act, as only pure (99%) and near pure (95-98%) populations are protected (Government of Canada 2019). Challenges to Identification : Hybrids can be difficult to distinguish from pure populations, complicating efforts to manage and restore native fish species. Genetic testing is required in areas where rainbows and non-native cutthroat are known to exist. Historical Stocking and Its Role in Hybridization The hybridization of Westslope Cutthroat Trout with other species, such as Rainbow Trout, didn’t happen naturally—it’s largely the result of human intervention. In Alberta, as in many other regions, historical stocking programs in the 20th century introduced non-native species, which unintentionally led to genetic mixing (Government of Canada, n.d.). Stocking of Rainbow Trout and Other Cutthroat Species Starting in the early 1900s, Rainbow Trout were widely stocked in Alberta’s rivers and lakes. At the time, the focus was on enhancing fishing opportunities, and little consideration was given to the potential ecological impacts. Rainbow Trout are fast-growing, aggressive, and popular with anglers, which made them a favored choice for stocking programs. However, Rainbow Trout are capable of interbreeding with Westslope Cutthroat Trout, producing what are now called "cuttbows." This hybridization began diluting the genetic integrity of the native Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations. In addition to Rainbow Trout, other subspecies, such as Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout and Golden Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita , were occasionally stocked in Alberta. This further complicated the genetic landscape and contributed to the risk of hybridization. Although the stocking of non-native species on top of Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations has largely been stopped, the genetic impact continues to persist in many of Alberta's waterways. Today, some Westslope Cutthroat populations show varying degrees of hybridization, which affects their value from a conservation perspective. Non-Native Rainbow Trout in an Alberta stream. Historical stocking of non-native Rainbow Trout contributed to the hybridization problem now facing Westlope Cutthroat Trout. Barriers: Protecting Pure Populations In the face of this hybridization challenge, barriers have become an essential tool in conservation efforts. These physical structures help protect pure populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout by preventing non-native species, such as Rainbow Trout, from accessing the same habitats. Types of Barriers Natural Barriers : In some cases, natural features like waterfalls or steep gradient changes serve as barriers that block the upstream movement of non-native species. These natural barriers have historically kept some populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout isolated, allowing them to remain genetically pure. Man-made Barriers : Where natural barriers do not exist, conservation efforts can involve constructing artificial barriers. These range from weirs to more advanced fish barriers that are strategically placed in streams and rivers. By blocking non-native fish from moving upstream into the habitats of pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations, these barriers play a critical role in maintaining genetic purity. Fish Removal Projects : In some cases, whole stream reaches are targeted for the removal of non-native fish using methods like electrofishing, and/or the application of piscicides such as rotenone. Barriers are often installed pre-treatment to prevent re-invasion of non-native fishes. The Importance of Isolated Habitats Isolated populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout often serve as the last refuges of pure genetic strains. These isolated habitats, often located in small headwater streams, are difficult for non-native fish to access, providing a natural line of defense. Protecting these areas from human disturbance and further stocking efforts is key to preserving the remaining pure populations. Pristine headwater stream with pure Westslope Cutthroat populations. High-elevation, isolated streams like this are critical for the survival of genetically pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout. Pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout in a mountain stream. Westslope Cutthroat Trout require cold, clean, and complex habitat for their continued survival. Restoration efforts can go a long way in improving their conservation. The Role of Conservation in Protecting Pure Strains Efforts to preserve pure populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout often involve habitat restoration, removal of non-native species, and genetic monitoring. By focusing conservation and protection efforts on genetically pure populations, conservationists can maintain the ecological integrity of the watersheds where these fish live. One method used to understand the remaining populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout is genetic testing , which helps determine the purity of populations and identify areas where hybridization has occurred, and to what extent. Genetic analysis, paired with disease testing, can also reveal healthy source populations that may be used in obtaining recovery broodstock to support reintroduction efforts. Restoration projects, such as the removal of invasive species and the construction of fish barriers, help prevent further hybridization and protect remaining pure populations. An example of a hybrid trout caught in an Alberta stream. A cuttbow hybrid showing the blend of traits from Westslope Cutthroat and Rainbow Trout. Notice the red-orange slash below the jaw, the white-tipped fins, dispersed spotting, and a mixture of body colouration. However, it's important to remember that without genetic analysis, it is impossible to determine the degree of hybridization based on appearance alone. Moving Forward: Balancing Conservation and Recreation As conservationists work to preserve these genetically pure populations, they must also balance the needs of recreational anglers and local communities. Many waters in Alberta still contain naturalized non-native fish which do support angling, but there is an increasing push to ensure that Westslope Cutthroat Trout habitats remain undisturbed. Ongoing efforts include genetic testing, removal of invasive species, and public education about the importance of preserving pure native fish. There are also a number of lakes within Alberta where Brook, Rainbow, Brown and Tiger trout are continually stocked, so anglers wishing to target these species still have a recreational opportunity to do so. Recent research suggests that Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations in Alberta could decline by as much as 70% over the next 10 years, with non-native species and climate change identified as the most significant threats (Sinnatamby et.al . 2019). Why It All Matters The push to conserve genetically pure populations of native fish species like the Westslope Cutthroat is about more than just preserving a name. It's about maintaining biodiversity, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring that these species can thrive in their native habitats for generations to come. In the end, the purity of a species' genetics reflects its history, resilience, and future potential. Preserving pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout populations is a key part of safeguarding the ecological legacy of North America's freshwater ecosystems. An Alberta stream showcasing ideal habitat for pure Westslope Cutthroat Trout. Protected and restored habitat provides the cold, clear water that Westslop Cutthroat Trout need to thrive, free from competition and hybridization. References COSEWIC 2006. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (British Columbia population and Alberta population) in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 67 pp. Government of Canada. (n.d.). History of fish stocking in the park - Banff National Park. Retrieved September 15, 2024, from: https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/nature/conservation/aquatics/restoring/ensemencement-stocking Government of Canada. (2019). Recovery Strategy and Action Plan for the Alberta Populations of Westslope Cutthroat Trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi ) in Canada 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2024, from: https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery/westslope-cutthroat-trout-2019-proposed.html Muhlfeld, C., Kovach, R., Jones, L.  et al.  Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change.  Nature Clim Change   4 , 620–624 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2252 Rosenthal WC, Fennell JM, Mandeville EG, Burckhardt JC, Walters AW, Wagner CE. Hybridization decreases native cutthroat trout reproductive fitness. Mol Ecol. 2022 Aug;31(16):4224-4241. doi: 10.1111/mec.16578. Epub 2022 Jul 13. PMID: 35751487. Consider donating so we may continue our work protecting and conserving native species.

A common misperception of Trout Unlimited Canada (TUC) seems to be that its work and interest are focused just on Canada’s rivers and streams and the fish and aquatic insects that inhabit them. That’s not surprising when, for example, Merriam-Webster dictionary defines ‘coldwater’ as ‘’running water”. Yet Canada’s lakes and ponds and their aquatic life forms are also an integral part of TUC’s mission “to conserve, protect and restore Canada’s freshwater ecosystems and their coldwater resources . . “ The health of these waters, including those that are stocked with cold water fish species, primarily trout, are becoming of increased concern to organizations like TUC, Alberta Conservation Association (ACA), and others, including the approx. 2.6 million Canadians who go fishing each year. Many of these lakes tend to be shallow, enriched with nutrients, and have seen an increase in water temperatures in the last few years. Many of the ‘aquatic resources’, especially trout, don’t like it! The level of dissolved oxygen (DO) that they need to survive is inversely related to the water temperature, so as DO levels decline, the fish become stressed and in some cases are unable to survive beyond mid-summer. It’s especially so if the water is stagnant and has a lot of rotting, organic material in it. Lake aeration helps, but even with that, some lakes experience a decline in DO by mid-summer that trout cannot survive. And the problem seems to be becoming more prevalent. The Northern Lights Fly Fishers (NLFF) Chapter of TUC, based in Edmonton, Alberta, became very interested when it heard of ACA’s efforts to address the low-oxygen issue. After a thorough review of the research, ACA fisheries biologists decided to try treating one of the ponds on its trout stocking list with a carefully determined amount of alum to see if that might improve the water quality and help maintain a sufficient level of DO to enable year-round trout survival. When alum is added to water it reacts with the phosphorous and other pollutants causing them to clump together and settle to the bottom of the pond. This process, known as flocculation, helps to remove suspended particles from the water and reduces nutrients available for plant growth. Fewer growth results in less organic decay and thus less of that much-needed DO being used up by the decay process. NLFF offered volunteer help and successfully applied for an ACA Conservation, Community, and Education grant to help with the costs involved. Rainbow Park Pond in Westlock, Alberta, a popular stocked fishing pond but with a history of winterkill and low fish survival in the summer, was selected as the test site. NLFF then provided local information on the project via the media. It also collected temperature and alkalinity data on several other stocked ponds in the greater Edmonton region which further evidenced similar adverse conditions for trout. So far, it’s looking promising for improved water quality at Rainbow Park – alum treatment has reduced total and dissolved phosphorus concentrations. However, the benefits of the alum treatment won’t be fully known for a few years. There’s a lot of decaying material from previous years to work through, but hopefully, DO concentrations through this winter will be higher than in previous years and algae growth will be less next summer, both of which are necessary to restore this pond as a viable, year-round, trout fishery. Although it’s not the health of flowing waters that the project is trying to restore, it is certainly an attempt to find a way to restore a freshwater ecosystem and its coldwater resources. That it’s a partnership between different organizations with similar goals is a bonus for the conservation of trout-friendly waters and Alberta’s anglers. #ConservationTUC #Freshwater #TUC #Ponds #Lakes #Chapters #Conservation

Trout Unlimited Canada is proud to announce its new identity as Freshwater Conservation Canada. This name reflects our ongoing commitment to protecting and restoring Canada’s freshwater environments.  While our mission remains the same, Freshwater Conservation Canada will continue to evolve to meet the growing challenges of water quality, water quantity, climate change, and biodiversity loss across Canada’s streams, rivers, and lakes. As Freshwater Conservation Canada, we will continue our on-the-ground efforts, including projects that improve water quality, restore stream flow, and protect habitats for native species. Our work includes planting native trees along riverbanks to reduce erosion and stabilize water flows, restoring habitats, and enhancing water systems' resilience to climate change.  We partner closely with local communities, corporate partners, government agencies, and volunteers to deliver conservation solutions that benefit the environment and those who depend on these resources. “This transition to Freshwater Conservation Canada reflects our continued commitment to the health of Canada’s freshwater ecosystems,” said Silvia D’Amelio, CEO of Freshwater Conservation Canada.  “Our mission is unchanged, but we’re to address changing landscapes and growing concerns around water quality and quantity, climate resilience, and biodiversity.” Freshwater Conservation Canada will continue improving freshwater systems' health and sustainability nationwide with science-based restoration projects.  Through community-driven efforts, partnerships, and volunteer support, we’re working to secure clean, abundant water and resilient habitats for generations to come.  About: Freshwater Conservation Canada is a registered Canadian charitable organization since 1972. Our mission is to conserve, protect and restore Canada’s freshwater ecosystems and their cold-water resources for current and future generations. All work Freshwater Conservation Canada does is directed toward achieving this mission. Our work is guided by science and research and fueled by the unending passion of our volunteers and professional staff. -30-

Trout Unlimited Canada Launches Cooling Streams Pilot Project Tree Planting Program to restore riparian areas across Canada. Markdale, ON – Trout Unlimited Canada, a national leader in freshwater ecosystem conservation and restoration for 50 years, announces the launch of the pilot project Cooling Streams for its national Restoring Riparian Refuges tree planting program. The pilot project takes place at the Armstrong Creek Trail in Markdale, Ontario and marks the completion of a multi-year dam removal and cold-water stream rehabilitation campaign. Cooling Streams is funded by the federal 2 Billion Trees program in the amount of $296,000. Trout Unlimited Canada’s Cooling Streams program is focused on restoring riparian areas – the buffer of vegetation that connects land and water along streams, rivers, and lakes. The trees and plants found within riparian zones are adapted to natural disturbance, such as spring floods and summer low-flow periods, which helps make these ecosystems more resilient to the expected disruptions from climate change. The built-in resilience of riparian ecosystems is ideal for protection and provides refuge for vulnerable wildlife and plant species, while also helping communities adapt to climate change. The Government of Canada’s 2 Billion Trees program is a commitment of $3.2 billion over 10 years to support organizations in their tree-planting efforts. Planting two billion trees is taking a significant step forward in Canada’s approach to tackle the dual crises of climate change and biodiversity loss. These trees will capture and store carbon from the atmosphere, improve air and water quality, help to restore nature and biodiversity, cool our communities, and create and support thousands of green jobs. “The 2 Billion Trees program is enabling us to build capacity among our local chapters across the country to expand our stream restoration efforts by rehabilitating riparian areas and increasing our contribution to nature-based solutions to climate change,” said Lesley Peterson, Director of Conservation with Trout Unlimited Canada. “We will be in a position to plant 10,000 trees per year, hire staff to implement the program, and expand local engagement and action on climate change mitigation and adaptation.” “Trees are essential to our lives — they capture carbon, improve air quality and support wildlife — and they are important allies in our fight against climate change. That’s why Canada has committed to planting two billion trees. Through this investment to support the future planting of 10,000 trees per year with Trout Unlimited Canada, we are restoring riparian refuges while delivering clean air for the next generation,” said the Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson, Canada’s Minister of Natural Resources. “This rehabilitated section of Armstrong Creek provides habitat and spawning opportunities for native brook trout, a vulnerable species in Ontario, and expand habitat for bird and animal species. It is also a popular amenity for families and the community to enjoy beauty and nature now and in the future,” said David Fields, Program Manager with Trout Unlimited Canada. The Cooling Streams pilot project will be implemented by TUC staff, the local Happy Trout chapter, and community volunteers, including staff from the neighbouring Rossiter Boat plant. For more information: David Fields, Program Manager – 519-817-8596, dfields@freshwatercanada.org Lesley Peterson, Director of Conservation – 403-221-8360, lpeterson@freshwatercanada.org Backgrounder on the importance of riparian areas to climate change adaptation About Freshwater Conservation Canada, formerly Trout Unlimited Canada: Freshwater Conservation Canada is a registered Canadian charitable organization since 1972. Our mission is to conserve, protect and restore Canada’s freshwater ecosystems and their cold-water resources for current and future generations. All work Freshwater Conservation Canada does is directed toward achieving this mission. Our work is guided by science and research and fueled by the unending passion of our volunteers and professional staff. ###

Trout Unlimited Canada’s Connect and Protect program kicked off this year with an incredible collaborative event with Colour the Trails ! Here in Canada, we are blessed with an abundance of nature. However, access to nature and green spaces is not equal for everyone. Racialized individuals and communities face a multitude of physical, economic, and cultural barriers when trying to access nature. TUC’s Connect and Protect program helps to bridge this gap in access by working with local partners to provide space for racialized individuals to connect with and protect nature. Colour the Trails is focused on improving access to the outdoors for BIPOC living in Canada. They host introductions, mentorships, and clinics in outdoor activities to introduce BIPOC adults to new activities and then help them advance further. They also provide consultation and support to partner organizations working to improve diversifying their communities, and we were happy to work with them to bring a group of BIPOC from Calgary and Edmonton out to our workday. The first Connect and Protect event of 2024 kicked off in June at Alberta’s sunny Radiant Creek. TUC has been working on rehabilitating this creek since 2019, putting up grazing exclusion fencing, planting willow stakes, and building post-assisted log structures (PALS)  to help restore the degraded stream reaches. But there’s always more work to be done! Many event participants had never participated in stream restoration before, so the day started with a short site tour led by TUC to help set the stage for today’s activities. Participants learned about the history of Radiant Creek, how streams can become degraded, and how bioengineering and low-tech process-based restoration can help return creeks to a healthy state. Folks then geared up to plant willow stakes along degraded banks at Radiant Creek. Everyone worked extra hard as they had some curious observers nearby—a small herd of feral horses, including a few young foals! The team then got started on building a new PALS on Radiant Creek. A few of the PALS constructed in 2021 had been blown out during the subsequent year’s flood, so we were happy to get the time and people together to rebuild one of these structures. Participants worked hard moving wood and posts to the PALS site, hauling our hydraulic post-pounder down to the creek, and building the structure. This rebuilt structure will help restore length and complexity to the creek, and we look forward to seeing how it changes over time. After packing up for the day, Colour the Trails led the participants on an overnight camping trip at Elk Creek Campground so folks could wash off the day’s hard work in the creek and relax over a toasty campfire. It sounds like the perfect end to a workday for us! TUC thanks Colour the Trails  for collaborating with us to make this workday such a success! This event would not have been possible without their support in program planning, development, and coordination. TUC also thanks Enbridge for supporting the 2024 Connect and Protect program.

Trout Creek is nestled in the Porcupine Hills of southern Alberta, a beautiful montane ecosystem where the foothills meet the Rocky Mountains. Historically, the headwater streams originating from the Porcupine Hills provided valuable coldwater habitat for Westslope Cutthroat Trout and Bull Trout, but in recent years the trout seem to have vanished. Trout Creek is located within a Public Land Use Zone (PLUZ), where current and historic land uses in the area have been unfavourable to the long-term health of trout habitat. Forest harvest and road building, recreational off-highway vehicle use, and livestock grazing are some of the many land uses taking place within this area. All land use activities contribute cumulatively to result in an array of potential impacts to streams in the area. When not appropriately managed, impacts of these land uses can create conditions ripe for erosion and delivery of silty water to streams, increasing sedimentation (murkiness) of streams, and changing the structure and quality of fish habitats. Alberta’s recent record-breaking heatwaves and drought have not helped the situation at Trout Creek, either. With periods of extremely high and low water flow, and a reduced resilience of stream habitats to buffer against this variation, these stressors have led to the loss of stream connectivity, healthy streambank vegetation, and most shockingly, the recent loss of fish. OHV trail was deactivated and rerouted in the Trout Creek project area. Once teeming with Westslope Cutthroat trout, portions of Trout Creek within the Forest Reserve are no longer home to any fish according to Trout Unlimited Canada’s most recent electrofishing surveys in August 2023. Trout Unlimited Canada (TUC) biologists planned to survey twelve sites on Trout Creek and its immediate tributaries (King Bolt Creek and two unnamed tributaries). Unfortunately, over half of the sites intended to be sampled were completely dry. Of the five sites sampled in 2023, no fish were observed. This starkly contrasts previous watershed assessments carried out in 2015 in which over 600 fish were captured from the same sampling areas. So, what do we do? TUC has been working towards strategic restoration projects in the Trout Creek watershed since 2012. Some of the activities at Trout Creek implemented by TUC to date include: •Trail decommissioning and reclamation •Trail building and rerouting •Installing bridges to prevent in-stream vehicle crossings •Riparian vegetation planting •Building beaver dam analogs (BDAs) Volunteers and staff members building beaver dam analogs (BDAs) on King Bolt Creek, a tributary of Trout Creek. IMITATING BEAVERS: Beaver numbers have dwindled in the Trout Creek area, taking their dam-building, and water retention skills with them. Historically, the streams in the Porcupine Hills supported abundant beaver activity, and the gradual loss of beaver over time throughout the watershed has been a factor in the loss of the many benefits provided by this keystone species. One of the most important benefits of beavers is their ability to build dams that retain water, creating deep pools that maintain cold water at the bottom of the pools, i.e. favourable trout habitat. Pools created by beaver dams also replenish groundwater and allow riparian vegetation to grow along streams. Beaver dams also force water out of stream channels onto the floodplain, saturating these soils and storing large quantities of water that are slowly released throughout the summer, helping buffer against extremes of flooding and drought. Beavers won’t return to an area unless there’s something to work with – food, building materials, and water. TUC biologists know this, and with the help of amazing volunteers, we built eleven of our best interpretations of beaver dams on King Bolt Creek, an important tributary of Trout Creek. The human-made beaver dams are called beaver dam analogs (BDAs). While we aren’t as skilled as beavers in stick and mud engineering, we hope that our BDAs will entice beavers to return to the project area and eventually reestablish a suitable coldwater habitat for trout. The BDAs merely start the recovery process, by forcing water onto floodplain surfaces and creating ponds, these structures raise the local groundwater table making it easier for beaver food to grow and providing ponds for them to use to get established. If all goes well, the beaver will move back into the area and take the restoration from there on their own. A section of trail deactivated using woody debris, within the Trout Creek project area. GRAZING: Cattle grazing takes place in the Porcupine Hills PLUZ from June until late fall. Keeping livestock from spending too much time along streams is a challenge and an opportunity to work closely with Cattle Grazing Allotment Holders. Agriculture is an important part of Alberta’s identity and economy, and cattle can exist on a landscape in harmony with fish, beavers, and freshwater ecosystems if best management practices are applied. Since 2020 TUC has been working with the local grazing allotment holders to identify areas where we can assist with the implementation of best management practices such as new spring developments, changes in fencing, and installing new bridges and trails. Fortunately, TUC and the allotment holders both want these landscapes to be in the best health they can be to support and sustain A new bridge was built in 2023 to replace an OHV stream crossing over Trout Creek. BRIDGING THE GAP: With the help of a contractor and some heavy equipment, TUC installed three new bridges for OHV users in the Porcupine Hills PLUZ in 2023. The bridges allow recreational and agricultural users to cross streams without further eroding stream banks and creating sedimentation of the streams. TUC also worked with the Crowsnest Pass Quad Squad who volunteered their time and equipment to build a new trail reroute, enabling TUC to decommission old trails to allow the old trails to revegetate. While the trout are currently missing from Trout Creek, we hope that our efforts will lead toward the reintroduction of native fish into this beautiful ecosystem in the near future. More restoration work for Trout Creek and its tributaries is planned for the summer of 2024. Visit our Eventbrite page to find out how to volunteer and help the revitalization of Trout Creek! Thank you to the Alberta Conservation Association and the provincial Watershed Restoration and Resiliency Program, administered by Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, for providing funding support for work at Trout Creek. TUC is grateful to volunteers from TC Energy, Alberta Junior Forest Rangers, Crowsnest Pass Quad Squad, the Oldman River Chapter, and the Municipal District of Ranchland No. 66, without whom this project would not be possible. Please consider making a donation so we may continue this important work. #ConservationTUC #Freshwater #Tributary #TroutCreek #TUC #BDAs #StreamCrossing #Volunteers #OHV #Bridge #Conservation

What has two fan-like fins, a big head, and the world’s cutest grumpy face? The Rocky Mountain Sculpin! These funky little fish are only about 10cm long, with mottled brown and black scales that let them blend in perfectly with the streambed. Perhaps because they are so elusive, they are also not formally described by scientists; they are still known by the generic scientific name “ Cottus sp.” Rocky Mountain Sculpin captured in Lee Creak. Unfortunately, this unique little fish is also at risk. In Canada, Rocky Mountain Sculpin is a “Threatened” species, with their primary threats being habitat degradation, climate change, and habitat modifications due to dams and water management (in Alberta). Like most sculpin species, Rocky Mountain Sculpin prefers to stay in their favourite spot for much of their life. This sedentary lifestyle makes them more vulnerable to habitat changes, as they are unable to move away from any harmful changes to their homes. As certified sculpin stans here at TUC, we had to give them a helping fin. In 2023, we launched a new project focused on protecting at-risk fish in the St. Mary River watershed: Conserving Our Threatened Teleosts in the Upper St. Mary, or “COTTUS” for short! Rocky Mountain Sculpin is one of several at-risk fish species in the upper St. Mary River watershed; it is also home to threatened Bull Trout and Westslope Cutthroat Trout. As the upper St. Mary watershed is above the St. Mary reservoir, it is not impacted by water withdrawals or altered habitat and water quality conditions due to the reservoir. This makes it some of the most pristine fish habitat in the watershed, and all the more important for our threatened native fish species. How many Rocky Mountain Sculpins can you spot in this photo? Hint: there's more than one! The COTTUS project kicked off in the summer of 2023, with TUC staff heading out to survey the fish populations in Lee Creek. While we did not capture any Bull Trout or Westslope Cutthroat Trout, we saw several trout in a large beaver pond, which was too deep for us to sample. The creek was also chock full of Rocky Mountain Sculpin, ranging in size from 20-90mm! In addition to these species, we also captured several Plains, White, and Longnose Suckers. TUC also met with the grazing leaseholders from the Pole Haven Community Pasture and worked together to identify aquatic habitat issues in Lee Creek and Tough Creek within the lease. We then hired AJM Environmental to document any additional problems in the area and suggest rehabilitation actions to address these issues. 40 sites were assessed and rehabilitation plans. Chief Mountain is view near Cardston, AB. Credit: Evan Tichonuk. What’s next for the COTTUS project? We are currently parsing through the watershed assessment report to develop an action plan for 2024. We will be back in the watershed this year to do more fisheries sampling and begin some habitat rehabilitation activities within Pole Haven. We are also working on an outreach plan to raise awareness about the critters that live in the upper St. Mary River watershed, and what we can do to help safeguard their future. Interested and want to help out? Keep an eye on our Eventbrite LINK HERE for upcoming volunteer workdays, and on our blog for project updates! Thank you to the generous funders who supported the COTTUS project, including the Department of Fisheries and Oceans through the federal Habitat Stewardship Program for Aquatic Species at Risk, Alberta Conservation Association’s Community, Education, and Conservation Grants, and the Minister’s Special License grant, administered by the Alberta Fish and Game Association. In‐kind support was also received from the Blackfoot Confederacy through their willingness to participate in sampling events and workdays, and Cows and Fish for assisting with project planning. TUC is also grateful to the lease holders in the Pole Haven Community Pasture for their willingness to partner with us on this project, sharing local knowledge, and for their commitment to range and riparian health. Please consider making a donation so we can keep doing this important work.

One of Trout Unlimited Canada’s strengths is our commitment to on-the-ground action and our collective willingness to get our hands dirty and our feet wet. Our staff, chapters, and volunteers have been carrying out aquatic habitat rehabilitation for over 50 years. In that time, our projects and approaches to restoration have evolved with science. For example, in the past, we often built “habitat structures” – places for fish to hide. Shockingly, we even used dynamite in streams to blow up beaver dams in the name of fish passage. Now we focus more on process-based restoration, taking an ecosystem approach and “letting the river do the work.” This often involves installing structures in a stream, whether it be a beaver dam analogue, wing deflector, sediment mat, post-assisted log structure…the list goes on. Ultimately, these structures result in changes to flow patterns, helping kickstart natural processes like scour and deposition. Building BDA's As an environmental non-government organization (ENGO) and registered charity, Trout Unlimited Canada exists to improve outcomes for the natural environment. And we are not alone! We are in good company in the diverse ENGO world, with groups ranging in size and scope. In this space there is much variation among organizations, offering many different types of programs, addressing a wide range of environmental challenges, all with different funding mechanisms and governance structures. We are just one organization among many in this field, so how do we set ourselves apart from the other ENGOs? Completed BDA with the help of some of our amazing volunteers and supporters! It helps to look at the ENGO world as an ecosystem. A healthy ecosystem supports a variety of species. Over time, each species evolves and adapts to their environment and fills a niche. While some species are generalists, others are specialists. Some have wide-ranging habitats, while others are endemic or locally adapted to specific locations. Likewise, in the ENGO world, some groups operate at a local level, while others have a national or international scope. Organizations may specialize in research, policy development, awareness campaigns, education, advocacy, or capacity building and funding. Although it’s not the only thing we do, restoration work is a big part of what TUC does. It’s one of the main reasons that I appreciate working here and why so many people join local chapters, participate in volunteer workdays, and continue to support us. Cooling Streams tree planting program What is stream rehabilitation and why do we do it? Restoration often implies restoring a site to its pre-disturbance condition. That’s not always possible, so what we aim for is restoring a site’s ecological function and processes. The first step is identifying and addressing the root cause of the damage or degradation. Then, we identify what else might be missing from the system and determine how to nudge it onto a trajectory towards a healthier state. Natural processes take time, testing our patience as we wait for native trees and shrubs to become established, for pools and eddies to form, or for an over-widened channel to narrow. Although our work is immensely satisfying – culvert replacement, dam removals, and riparian rehabilitation can result in dramatic changes – other benefits to this work might not be as obvious. Our work helps to build capacity and advance the practice of freshwater ecosystem restoration and conservation. This includes growing the understanding and acceptance of novel restoration techniques among regulators, landowners and land managers, practitioners, and community groups. Culvert replacement with installed arch Our work also demonstrates what is possible and gets people to look at the natural world differently. We collectively suffer from something called shifting baselines. Over generations, our perception of the natural world changes. This concept of shifting baselines is relatively easy to understand in a fisheries context. For example: if you went fishing on your favourite stream and caught five fish over 30 cm, you might think ‘That was a great day of fishing’. Perhaps if your grandmother fished that same stream 50 years ago, she would have considered that a dismal catch because it would have been typical at that time to catch twenty fish over 40 cm. Our baseline for what we consider “normal” or “healthy” changes through generations as ecological systems continuously become degraded. The reality is that folks today may look at a degraded stream or riparian area and think, ’ That’s the way it’s always been. ‘ Part of our job in restoration is to recognize when we can do better, if you went fishing on your favourite stream and caught five fish over 30 cm, you might think, and when to apply restoration techniques that allow degraded ecosystems to reach their full potential. Cooling Streams tree planting The good news is, there’s a lot of work that’s been done before us that we can learn from. Thankfully, there are many places where conditions are much better today than they werea generation ago. We must keep working to conserve native biodiversity and build resilience to climate change. For example, the thousands of trees planted as part of TUC’s Cooling Streams program will take up atmospheric carbon dioxide, increase cover and food availability for fish, birds, and other wildlife, and create spaces for people to connect with nature, particularly in urban areas. Meanwhile, our work on beaver mimicry and process-based restoration is helping rebuild river wetland corridors, buffering the effects of flood and drought while increasing water availability for livestock and wildlife. If we do our jobs right, the benefits will reach beyond fish and fish habitat Team shot during Fish Rescue If you have the means, please consider donating so we may continue this important work.

From planting willows in 2019 to running a fish trap in 2020,  to a bridge retrofit in 2022, TUC has been working to help rehabilitate threatened Bull Trout populations in the Tay River for years. But there’s always more work to be done! In 2023, we kept the momentum going with two crossing replacements along a pipeline right of way. At both crossings, the existing culverts were in disrepair, and users were instead driving through the creek at multiple locations. Additionally, due to the wet, boggy soils, users had created many spur trails, avoiding wet areas and mud holes. The trail braiding and multiple fords contributed sediment to the creek, degrading critical habitat for Bull Trout. As this was a relatively well-used recreational trail, TUC felt that replacing the existing culverts with new crossing structures was the best way to address these issues. To that end, in November 2023, one of the crossings was replaced with a new, properly sized, and installed culvert, while the second site was replaced with an Enviro-Span culvert. Enviro-span culverts are open-bottom arch culverts, which allow us to build a new stream crossing without disturbing the streambed, preserving the natural gravel and cobbles in the stream! An enviro-span culvert is being installed over the Tay River tributary. After placing the culvert, the crossing approaches were built back up using local soils. In June 2024, TUC joined forces with the Rocky ATV Society to touch up and plant at these two crossing replacement sites. ATVs are not just for access; they are essential tools for carrying gear, supplies, and people. This trip also marked the maiden voyage for TUC’s new ATV; without it, the work would have required a 5km (each way!) slog on foot while carrying all our restoration tools! The Rocky Mountain ATV Society led the way, navigating challenging trail conditions skillfully. Picture steep slopes, deep ruts, rocks, water—and an exceptional amount of mud. Despite the trail conditions, the sunny weather kept everyone’s spirits high. Together, TUC and the Rocky Mountain ATV Society planted 350 willows, created overland water diversions, and, most importantly, shared our skills and backcountry experiences to gain new perspectives. TUC staff breaking in their brand-new quad—a generous donation from an incredible TUC member! Willow stakes being transported to site by a member of the Rocky ATV Society. A member of the Rocky ATV Society helping move and place trees using his winch. Our backs are happy to let the machine do this work! This partnership highlights the importance of collaboration and mutual respect in conservation, proving that together, we can “tread lightly” and achieve significant and lasting positive impacts on our natural environments. TUC thanks Alberta Environment and Protect Area’s Watershed Resiliency and Restoration Program for funding this program. And, of course, thank you to the Rocky ATV Society for their help with the trail rehabilitation and planting!

Have you ever heard of the Rocky Mountain Sculpin? This small, quirky fish might not be the most famous resident of Alberta’s waterways, but it certainly has its own charm. Found only in two watersheds in Alberta, the Rocky Mountain Sculpin is a unique species that deserves our attention and care. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCULPIN. PHOTO CREDIT: ELLIOT LINDSAY What is a Rocky Mountain Sculpin? The Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.) is a bottom-dwelling fish typically measuring 8-10 cm long. With its mottled brown and green coloration, it blends perfectly into the rocky streambeds it calls home. Its large pectoral fins give it a distinctive, almost cartoonish appearance, making it a favourite among fish enthusiasts and biologists alike. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCULPIN. PHOTO CREDIT: ELLIOT LINDSAY Where Can You Find Them? In Alberta, the Rocky Mountain Sculpin is restricted to two specific watersheds: the St. Mary River and the Milk River. These watersheds provide the clean, cool, and well-oxygenated water that the sculpin needs to thrive. Unfortunately, this limited distribution makes the species highly vulnerable to habitat changes and other environmental pressures. ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCULPIN CANADIAN RANGE. IMAGE CREDIT: NATURE CONSERVANCY OF CANADA Why Are They Threatened? Several factors contribute to the Rocky Mountain Sculpin’s precarious status. Habitat degradation poses significant threats primarily due to agricultural runoff, water extraction, and infrastructure development. Climate change also alters water temperatures and flow patterns, further stressing these delicate ecosystems. As a result, the Rocky Mountain Sculpin is currently listed as threatened under Alberta’s Wildlife Act. OHV FORDS IMPACTING THE HABITAT OF ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCULPIN. IMAGE CREDIT: ELLIOT LINDSAY Why Should We Care? Despite its small size, the Rocky Mountain Sculpin is crucial to its ecosystem. As both predator (of invertebrates) and prey (think bull trout snack), it helps maintain the balance of aquatic life. Its presence indicates a healthy stream environment, which benefits not just the sculpin but also other species, including those that are more directly important to humans, like trout. BULL TROUT LIKE THIS RELIES ON PREY SUCH AS ROCKY MOUNTAIN SCULPIN. IMAGE CREDIT: JONATHAN GOSLING How Can We Help? Protecting the Rocky Mountain Sculpin requires a concerted effort to preserve and restore its habitat. Here are a few ways we can help: Support Conservation Efforts: TUC, along with many partner organizations, is working to protect Alberta’s waterways. Consider donating to or volunteering with groups dedicated to aquatic conservation. Look on Eventbrite to find upcoming events if you’d like to participate! Advocate for Sustainable Practices: Encourage agricultural and industrial practices that minimize environmental impact. This includes supporting initiatives for better water management and reduced chemical runoff. Be water-conscious! Spread the Word: Education is a powerful tool. Share information about the Rocky Mountain Sculpin and its plight with friends, family, and community members. You might encourage the next group of people to take action! The Rocky Mountain Sculpin may be small, but its importance to Alberta’s aquatic ecosystems is immense. By taking steps to protect this charming little fish, we’re also safeguarding the health of our waterways for future generations. Let’s ensure that the Rocky Mountain Sculpin continues to swim in Alberta’s rivers for years to come. For more information on the Rocky Mountain Sculpin and the COTTUS project overall, see our previous blog post ! Thank you to the generous funders who supported the COTTUS project, including the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, through the federal Habitat Stewardship Program for Aquatic Species at Risk and Alberta Conservation Association’s Community, Education, and Conservation Grants. In‐kind support was also received from the Blackfoot Confederacy through their participation in sampling events and Cows and Fish for assisting with project planning. References: Alberta Environment and Parks. 2023. Alberta Recovery Plan for At-Risk Fish Species in the Milk and St. Mary Rivers. Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 45. Edmonton, AB. 45 pp. Barrett, R.T., Teillet, M., Watkinson, D.A., Rudolfsen, T.A., and Gutowsky, L.F.G. 2024. Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.) sampling in the St. Mary and Milk River watersheds, Alberta (2022). Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1389: v + 16 p. Canada, O. (2013). Recovery potential assessment of Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.), Eastslope populations, in Alberta. Government of Canada. (2019) Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.): COSEWIC assessment and status report 2019. COSEWIC Assessment and Status Report on the Rocky Mountain Sculpin (Cottus sp.) Pacific populations Saskatchewan – Nelson River populations Missouri River populations in Canada 2019. Nature Conservancy of Canada. (n.d.). NCC: Rocky Mountain sculpin. Featured Species. #Freshwater #TUC #StreamCrossing #OHV #Conservation

Landon’s Creek Written By: Scott Puillandre Middle Grand Chapter Executive Before The Middle Grand Chapter of Trout Unlimited Canada (MGTUC) is a group of community volunteers dedicated to improving water quality and fish habitat in the middle portion of southern Ontario’s Grand River watershed. In 2021, the MGTUC began a rehabilitation program on Landon’s Creek, a groundwater fed tributary of Whiteman’s Creek. Whiteman’s Creek is a regionally important cold-water fishery for both resident rainbow and brown trout, and migratory rainbow trout (steelhead) within the Grand River watershed. Before Of all the tributaries of lower Whiteman’s Creek, Landon’s Creek provides the most critical spawning, nursery, and thermal refuge habitat. Landon’s Creek supports self-sustaining brook trout and brown trout populations above a small dam structure, with the addition of migratory rainbow trout (steelhead) below the dam.  During heat stress periods, Landon’s Creek provides important thermal refuge for trout in the main stem of Whiteman’s Creek. The creek flows through an area of intensive agricultural activity in Brant County Ontario. Over 150 years of continuous cultivation, coupled with removal of fencerows in recent decades has resulted in significant soil erosion. This erosion has caused the degradation of natural fluvial and sediment transport processes, making the stream channel much wider and shallower than it should be. After MGTUC has been working with private landowners to undertake a rehabilitation program for a stretch of Landon’s Creek. With support from their outstanding membership and community volunteers, the Chapter has held a number of worknight initiatives to clear log jams, human made structures, install digger logs and sediment mats. Investing over 500 volunteer hours, the chapter has been dedicated to narrowing the stream cross section, increasing flow, and cooling the stream. Working on an 800-metre stretch of the creek, volunteers have installed 15 sediment mats, 6 cover structures, 3 digger logs, while removing 4 log jams and 1 temporary bridge structure. After The chapter continues to work with landowners upstream while also conducting follow-up maintenance on work already completed #ConservationTUC #Freshwater #TUC #Chapters #Conservation